Introduction: Alternative punishments of imprisonment, which are called as a new approach of the penal system to fight against the negative consequences of prison, have many EFFECTS and consequences that need to be investigated. Therefore, in this study, while examining the types of alternative punishments, the moral and social EFFECTS of the implementation of these punishments have been explored. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted using an analytical-descriptive method. In this study, in order to provide an appropriate answer to the question presented, by referring to the theoretical bases (books) and articles published in the ISC, Magiran, Civilica, SID and Ensani in the years 2011 to 2023 and with the method of extracting the existing legal provisions, the effectiveness of this type of punishment was also criticized in reaching the intended goals. Conclusion: The results of this study show that with the implementation of such punishments, the level of public trust, the growth of morals and social capital in the society will also improve. Therefore, the implementation of these punishments, while reducing the criminal population of prisoners and reforming them, provides better implementation of social justice and improvement of public trust, emotional and financial support for the families of criminals

in this research, their EFFECTS on the flight of airplanes were investigated. The study area is the country of Iran, and the flight routes of Kermanshah, Ahvaz and BandarAbbas to Tehran. The research data includes maps of the Vertical Transect (profile) of the jet stream, the daily average of the Zonal wind (U-Wind) and meridional wind (V-Wind) components for the winter period of 2018 through NOAA/NCEP environmental databases. Also, flight route information was received from FlightRadar24 and Flightaware systems. First, by using Vertical Transect maps, the days containing strong U-Wind were extracted, and the average position of the core of the Jet Streams in the Zonal and meridional wind components, the Tropospheric level of 200 HP was detected. The list of flights was prepared, and the Zonal Wind maps were produced. Finally, the height of the flights was compared with the level of the currents of the Jet Streams, and the influence or lack of influence of the Jet Streams on the flights was studied. According to the results of the research, all the Jet Streams caused turbulence for all flights, and they caused a decrease in the speed of flights between Ahvaz and BandarAbbas to Tehran and an increase in the speed of flights between Kermanshah and Tehran according to the direction and type of Jet Streams. It was also found that all the Jet Streams had a speed of more than 90 knots, so the capacity to create tension and turbulence such as CAT was seen in them

Nowadays, due to the harmful EFFECTS of chemical preservatives in food products and antibiotic resistance too, the efforts of researchers to use natural and safe ANTIMICROBIAL compounds, including plant essential oils, have increased. In the present study, after collecting the Badrashboo plant from the fields around Urmia city and drying it, extracting the essential oil from the plant was carried out using a Clevenger device, and the ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECTS of this essential oil against some Gram-positive and Gram-negative food-borne pathogenic bacteria were determined by methods: Disk Diffusion Agar (DDA), Well Diffusion Agar (WDA), Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and interaction with four common broad-spectrum antibiotics including Vancomycin, Erythromycin, Chloramphenicol and Gentamicin were performed. The results of the DDA and WDA tests showed that the essential oil of Badreshbo had significant ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECTS on all the tested bacteria in this study. The gram-positive bacteria were more sensitive than the gram-negative bacteria in front of this essential oil. The results of the MIC test of the essential oil for Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella dysentery, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and Listeria monostogenes were 2.5, 1.25, 1.25, 0.625, 0.312, 1.25 and 1.25 mg/ml. The MBC of the mentioned strains were 5, 5, 2.5, 5, 2.5, 2.5, and 2.5 mg/mL, respectively. Also, the results of the study of the interaction effect of Badreshbo essential oil with the mentioned antibiotics indicate synergistic EFFECTS of the essential oil with all four antibiotics tested. Therefore, considering the significant ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECTS observed for Badrashbo essential oil in this study, it can be used in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Chlorhexidine mouthwash has shown the highest ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECTS in orthodontic patients, however, some complications have limited its widespread use. The goal of this study was to compare the ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECTS of persica mouthwash with chlorhexidine in fixed orthodontics patients. Sixty patients (13-18 years old) on fixed orthodontic treatment, with desirable oral health were randomly divided into three equal groups of control, clorhexidine and persica. Patients were educated to properly use these mouthwashes. The control group was asked to wash their mouth with water twice a day. The numbers of streptococcus mutans colonies available in the elastic rings around the two bracket bases were determined in culture mediums before and immediately after a single application of water or mouthwashes and also following their daily uses for three weeks. The number of bacterial colonies then were compared at these three graps. The use of persica resulted in a significant (p<0.001) reduction in the number of streptococcus mutans colonies, albeit it was not as potent as chlorhexidine. Thirteen and fourty percent of patients using persica mouthwash experienced tooth discoloration and changes in taste respectively. The corresponding figures for chlorhexidine were 86% and 73% respectively. Significant reduction of streptococcus mutans colonies by persica as well as its lower tooth discoloration EFFECTS and unpleasant taste relative to chlorhexidine might give credence to the use of complementary herbal compounds in orthodontics patients.

Background and Objectives: Gingerol is one of the most important phenolic compounds found in the ginger plant, and targeting the transfer of effective plant compounds to cells is one of the important challenges of researchers. The aim of this study was to load gingerol in niosome nanocarrier coated with chitosan and determine its ANTIMICROBIAL and anticancer EFFECTS. Materials and Methods: In this laboratory study, niosome nanocarrier containing gingerol was synthesized and then, synthesized niosomes were coated with chitosan and its structural properties were investigated. The ANTIMICROBIAL and anti-biofilm EFFECTS of the synthesized niosomes were investigated using the microdilution method. Also, anticancer EFFECTS and biocompatibility of synthesized niosomes were evaluated using colorimetric method. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Results: Examining the structure of niosomes containing gingerol coated with chitosan showed that it has a spherical structure and an average size of 102. 56±5. 80 nm. Also, the results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the synthesis of niosomes. The results showed that the synthesized niosomes increased the ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECTS 1 to 4 times, and at concentrations of 100 and 200 µg/ml, cell survival was decreased 24. 66±1. 39% and 16. 65±1. 12%, respectively (p<0. 05). Also, the synthesized niosomes did not have any significant cytotoxic EFFECTS against the human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF) cell line (p>0. 05). Conclusion: The results showed that the synthesized niosomes can increase the ANTIMICROBIAL, anti-biofilm, and anti-cancer EFFECTS of gingerol, and therefore this nanocarrier can be used for targeted delivery of effective herbal compounds.